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The Clouded Apollo (''Parnassius mnemosyne'') is a butterfly species of the family of Swallowtail butterflies (Papilionidae) found in the Palearctic ecozone. Clouded Apollos inhabit meadows and woodland clearings with plenty of flowering plants, both in the lowlands and in the mountains. It is not usually found at altitudes above 1500m except in the Central Asian mountains where it is known also from higher altitudes. ==Distribution== Its range of distribution extends from the Pyrenees, across the Central Massif, the Alps, and the Carpathians as far as central Asia. It inhabits all European countries including Norway, where it appears rarely and only in certain places. A special subspecies lived in Denmark, but is now extinct. A great number of different geographical races and individual forms are distinguished in this extensive region. The most striking specimens include the dark race from the eastern Bavarian Alps (ssp. ''hartmanni'' ); form ''melania'' has the most pronounced dark colouring. The paper of Dr. I.N. Bolotov and colleagues (2013) summarizes data on the northern localities of Parnassius mnemosyne (L.), which are mostly situated in the Russian Federation and gives a thorough description of the species' northern range location.〔Bolotov I.N., Gofarov M.Y., Rykov A.M., Frolov A.A., Kogut Y.I. 2013. Northern boundary of the range of the Clouded Apollo butterfly Parnassius mnemosyne (L.) (Papilionidae): climate influence or degradation of larval host plants? – Nota lepid. 36 (1): 19–33.〕 It is shown that the northernmost populations in the exist within the karst landscapes in the North of White Sea-Kuloi Plateau (between 65°35' and 66°03' N) in the downstream of the Soyana and Kuloi rivers and in the north of Timan Highland (66°10' N) along the shore of Kosminskoe Lake (the Pechora river basin). Northern limits of the Clouded Apollo's range appear to be strongly determined by the distribution of its larval host plants (primarily Corydalis solida (L.) Clairv.; Papaveraceae) and the role of climate and relief seem to be of minor importance. Many Russian populations inhabit the state nature reserve territories: "Kizgi Scerries" Reserve (Karelia Republic), Pinega and Soyansky Reserves (Arkhangelsk oblast), Pechoro-Ilychsky and "Belaja Kedva" Reserves (Komi Republic). Parnassius mnemosyne MHNT CUT 2013 3 5 Le Mont Dore Male dos.jpg|♂ Parnassius mnemosyne MHNT CUT 2013 3 5 Le Mont Dore Male ventre.jpg|♂ △. Parnassius mnemosyne MHNT CUT 2013 3 5 Le Mont Dore Femelle dos.jpg|♀ Parnassius mnemosyne MHNT CUT 2013 3 5 Le Mont Dore Femelle ventre.jpg|♀ △. Parnassius mnemosyne ilster.jpg|''P. m. adamellicus'' Parnassius mnemosyne.female.jpg|Dark female from the alps ''P. m. ssp. hartmanni'' Parnassius mnemosyne - Schwarzer Apollo 03 (HS).jpg|Caterpillar 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Clouded apollo」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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